Web Development

Debounce and throttle are the two tools for taming events that fire too often – a search box firing on every keystroke, a scroll handler running hundreds of times a second. They sound similar and behave differently, and picking the wrong one is a real bug.

Every React project reaches for a state library early, often before it needs one. The distinction that dissolves most of the problem: server state is not UI state, and most of what teams put in a global store is really a cache of the server.

Forms are the most common interactive element on the web and the most consistently broken. Validation that fires at the wrong moment, errors a screen reader never announces, autofill sabotaged by clever markup. How to build one that respects the person filling it in.

A teardown of every stage between a click and the first pixel: DNS, TCP, TLS, the HTML preload scanner, render-blocking CSS, parser-blocking scripts, layout, paint, compositing — and which stage your slow page is actually stuck in.

INP replaced FID as a Core Web Vital and it is much harder to pass. Learn its three phases, why long tasks and hydration hurt, how to yield with scheduler.yield(), and how to debug real interactions using field data rather than lab scores.

Cross-document transitions let traditional multi-page sites animate navigations like a single-page app, with no framework and almost no JavaScript. Here is how to ship them safely.

A practitioner guide to TanStack Router with file-based routes, validated search params, loaders, and migration from React Router.

Production patterns for Next.js 15 Server Actions covering validation, optimistic UI, security boundaries, caching, and testing.

Build content-heavy websites with Astro 5 content layer, hybrid rendering, and server islands. Master content collections, view transitions, and zero-JS delivery.